Cocoa: Effects of the administration of amphetamine, either alone or in combination with reserpine or cocaine, on regional brain beta-phenethylamine and dopamine release
Effects of the administration of amphetamine, either alone or in combination with reserpine or cocaine, on regional brain beta-phenethylamine and dopamine release
by
Karoum F, Wolf ME, Mosnaim AD
Neuropsychiatry Branch Intramural Research Program,
National Institute of Mental Health Neuroscience Research Center
at St. Elizabeths Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.
Am J Ther 1997 Oct 1; 4(9/10):333-342
ABSTRACT
The effect of amphetamine sulfate (AMPH) on beta-phenylethylamine (PEA) and 3-methoxytyramine (3MT) levels in the rat frontal and cingulate cortices, the nucleus accumbens, and the striatum were evaluated after the administration of either cocaine or reserpine alone and in combination with AMPH.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the neuromodulator properties of PEA on dopamine (DA) release as reflected by 3MT steady-state concentrations. The highest concentration of PEA was found in the nucleus accumbens, followed by the cingulate and frontal cortices, and then the striatum.
Time-course effects of the intraperitoneal administration of 5 mg/kg AMPH on PEA and 3MT concentrations were similar but not identical.
AMPH at a dosage of 1 mg/kg significantly increased PEA concentration only in the striatum. A dosage of 2.5 mg/kg reserpine, which markedly depressed 3MT levels in all brain regions studied except the striatum, significantly reduced PEA concentrations only in the nucleus accumbens.
This dosage of reserpine reduced DA concentrations by more than 80% in all regions examined, but its effects on norepinephrine were less marked. Pretreatment with cocaine (10 mg/kg) or reserpine (2.5 mg/kg) potentiated the effects of 1 mg/kg AMPH on PEA and 3MT levels in the frontal cortex and of 3MT in the striatum. Pretreatment with either 1 mg/kg reserpine (specifically used to partially mobilize DA storage) or cocaine (10 mg/kg) produced quantitative changes in the effects of 5 mg/kg AMPH on PEA and 3MT levels that were region-specific.
For example, in contrast to the cortical regions and the nucleus accumbens, the AMPH-induced increase in 3MT was potentiated in the striatum. On the other hand, the increase in brain PEA produced by AMPH (5 mg/kg) was not influenced by either increased cytoplasmic DA (as deduced from the effects of 1 mg/kg reserpine pretreatment) or DA uptake inhibition (as deduced from the effect of cocaine pretreatment) in the frontal cortex or the nucleus accumbens. Furthermore, the increase in PEA produced by AMPH (5 mg/kg) in the cingulate cortex and the striatum were abolished and potentiated, respectively, by these drug pretreatments.
Our results suggest that although DA release and PEA formation are stimulated by AMPH, these effects appear to involve mechanisms that are not directly related and hence suggest a dissociation between 3MT and PEA formation in the brain. Our work also suggests that PEA is most likely not to be co-released with DA following the administration of AMPH. Therefore, it is concluded that whatever physiological role PEA may play in central synaptic transmission, its effects do not appear to be dependent on DA release.
Karl Note: I reject strongly the notion that a "mood booster" can ever be some chemical substance, whether a psychiatric drug or a so-called "natural" substance. The belief that "mood" can be changed with chemicals is the original contribution of the "Man Came From Mud" theory, and supports the entire "allopathic" system of medicine that holds that drugs are the key to health! This is a false path down which to travel. Vibrant Life feels so strongly about this that we refuse to sell any of our products to any person taking any "mood enhancer" substance, whether psychiatric drug, illegal street drug or otherwise.
|
I promise to answer your message -- click here to send me a personal message
|
SUBSCRIBE: The Wednesday Letter is a free electronic monthly newsletter written and published by Karl Loren. You can view more than 50 back issues of this publication by clicking here. The Wednesday Letter subscription list is maintained on a secure server, no name is ever given or sold to anyone, and it is never used except for this Newsletter. It is automatically published on the Tuesday night just before the first Wednesday of every month. You can subscribe to this free monthly electronic letter by entering your eMail address and name below. You will then automatically receive a request for confirmation, sent to whatever address you have entered. If you do NOT receive this confirmation request, then you will not be subscribed. There may have been an error with your address and you should resubmit. The letter is never sent twice to the same address -- so you do not have to worry about a duplicate subscription. When you receive this confirmation request you must reply to it, or your subscription will not become active. No one can subscribe your name, and address, without you being notified, and if you get an unwanted notice of subscription you only need to DO NOTHING and the subscription will NOT be active.
REMOVAL: You can remove yourself from the subscription list in several different ways. Click here to read about this entire newsletter system. Every edition of The Wednesday Letter is delivered to your address with YOUR name and address in view on the letter, with a link that allows you to remove THAT name from the subscription list. If you try to send this removal message from an address different from the one you used to send in your original confirmation, then you will get a warning notice first, sent to the subscription address, asking you to confirm that you want to be removed from the list -- by replying to THAT request for confirmation, you will then be automatically removed. Thus, no one else can unsubscribe you, from some other computer, without your knowledge. But, if you send in the unsubscribe notice from the same machine used to receive the Letter, then the removal from the subscription list is automatic.
Personal Message: When you send a personal message to Karl Loren, you will receive a personal reply as per his instructions. Karl pledges that every personal message will get a personal answer. When you provide your mail address, we will send you free information including our free catalog and a cassette tape lecture by Karl Loren about heart disease, no charge, by mail, even if outside the US. You can select particular information you would like to receive, along with the free cassette tape and catalog.
You can reach Vibrant Life in many ways, including by mail to Vibrant Life, 2808 N. Naomi St., Burbank, CA 91504. Within the US and Canada, use the toll free number: (800) 523-4521, the local number: (818) 558-1799, the FAX: (818) 558-7299, eMail to kimberly@oralchelation.com or any one of the hundreds of message forms throughout the 50 web sites. Vibrant Life normally ships the same day we get an order. There are message forms on each of the 100,000+ pages on this and other sites where you can communicate with Vibrant Life. Check out our companion site, at: http://www.oralchelation.net where Karl's 2000 page book is published. Karl Loren is the author and webmaster for this BOOK, as well as for another web site about ORAL CHELATION. His personal philosophical articles are at PHILOSOPHY.
Copyright © May 20, 2008 6:24 AM by Karl Loren on behalf of Vibrant Life, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Permission is granted for non-commercial downloading, copying, distribution or redistribution on two conditions: One, that some form of copyright notice is included in every copy distributed or copied, showing the copyright belonging to Vibrant Life, Burbank, CA, at www.oralchelation.com . The second condition is that the material is not to be used for any purpose contrary to the purposes and objectives of this site. This permission does not extend to materials on this site which are copyrighted by others.