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The Fenton Reaction -- Multiplication Of Free Radicals Because of Iron

Source

Free radicals - where do they come from?



Eucariotic cells continuously produce reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) as a side products of electron transfer.  There are several major ROI species, including H2O2, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. Abnormally high level of ROIs is refered to as oxidative stress.

This occurs frequently in cells exposed to UV light, X rays or H2O2. Under normal, physiological condition the cell is also dealing with free radicals coming from respiratory chain, peroxysoms, microsomes and enzymatic reaction including the ones catalyzed by oxygenases and reductases. The most dangerous among all ROI species is hydroxyl radical and it arises as a product of the reaction between superoxide and H2O2. The reaction is catalysed by Fe2+ and is named after the famous chemist as Fenton reaction.

 

Fe2+ / Fe3+
 

O2_. + H2O2 ---------------------- > OH. + OH- + O2



Other transition metals like copper, manganese, cobalt are able to catalyze this reaction, so under certain conditions when these metal ions are not bound to proteins or chelators.   Fenton-like reaction may take place and cause site specific accumulation of free radicals and initiate biomolecules damage processes
.


eucaryote,

any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus, a description that excludes bacteria and blue-green algae. The eucaryotic cell has a nuclear membrane, well-defined chromosomes (bodies containing the hereditary material), mitochondria (cellular energy exchangers), a Golgi apparatus (secretory device), an endoplasmic reticulum (a canal-like communication system within the cell), and lysosomes (digestive apparatus within many cell types).

Copyright (c) 1994, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.


                    Peroxysoms


Almost all the types of cells of eucaryots contain specialized organits, of which function is to assure the reactions of oxidation by using molecular oxygen ( O2). These organites, levies peroxysoms or microbodies, is very diverse. They are rich in enzymes private individuals, notably the catalase and some oxydases. It is about vesicles of an average diameter of 0,5 microns, surrounded with a membrane unique and forming by indifference of the reticulum. Peroxysoms is in abundance in the hepatic cells, in the renal cells and in other numerous types of cells, as very animal as plant. Their name diverts particular reactions of oxidation which take place there: peroxydations. During these reactions which use the oxygen, organic compound see removing atoms of hydrogen, that gives place to the forming of hydrogen peroxide ( H2O2), one consisted highly toxin which is then used by the catalase to oxidize ( peroxyder ) other substrata as alcohols, phenols or formaldehyde. This type of reaction of oxidation takes on a particularly important character in the hepatic cells and renals, because it contributes to eliminate the toxic matter which enter the bloody circuit. And so half of the alcohol that we drink is oxidized in acetaldehyde thanks to the reactions of oxidation which take place in the peroxysoms of the liver and the kidney. The function of use of the molecular oxygen moves closer the péroxysomes of mitochondrias. However, unlike these last ones, peroxysoms does not possess complex structure with double membrane, DNA and RNA. The current peroxysoms would be the descendants of former organites. When the atmospheric oxygen began increasing under the effect of photosyntetic bacteria (to see photosynthesis creates a new atmosphere), peroxysoms would have shown itself particularly important to lower the concentration of oxygen in cells. besides, they used in a very advantageous way the high ability to react of the oxygen during the reactions of oxidation. With the evolution of mitochondrias, these organites would have lost of their importance in the cellular metabolism, in particular as regards the use of the molecular oxygen, remaining useful however thanks to the reactions of détoxication that they assure.


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