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The Electric Force
Now see what happens when you give the electron a
little "throw" as you set it down. To do this,
click-drag the mouse in any direction. The line shows
the direction of the throw and its length shows the
speed.
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Electric Force Fields
Try putting down "test" electrons with the mouse to see which way the field points and how strong it is; the line points in the direction in which the electron will move, and the length of the line tells you the strength of the force at its current location. You can drag the mouse, or you can press the "R" key to have your computer put down electrons.
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Vibrating Charges and Electromagnetic Waves
Use your mouse to drag the negative
charge up or down, then let it go to start it
oscillating.
For the next lesson, click here.
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To
understand electric fields and electromagnetic waves,
you need to know how charges (such as
"negative" electrons
and "positive"
protons 
) cause each
other to move. 
Click the mouse anywhere in the box. You created
an electron! It's a particle with negative charge
and not much mass. 
Yeah, but it just got sucked into the positive
charge and swallowed. 
That's
because the positive charge exerts an invisible,
attractive force on the electron -- an
If I put one near the edge of the box, it gets
sucked in a lot slower. 
Yes
-- the electric force is like an invisible spring,
but as the charges move farther apart, a weaker
spring pulls them together. 
Hey, if
I start it off just right, the electron keeps looping
around the proton and never crashes into it.
You've
just created an early model of an
Does
this mean that the electric force is somehow
different when the electron starts with a velocity?
I've heard those terms before, but I'm not sure I
understand them. There seems to be a "force field" in
every episode of Star Trek; it's like an invisible
wall that nothing can penetrate. Is that what a force
field really is? 
Not
exactly. In physics, a force field is a way to
picture the effects that electric charges have on one
another. Instead of talking about the force a
positive (+) charge exerts on an electron, we can say
the charge creates a force "field" in the empty space
around it. An electron put down at any place in this
force field is pulled towards the + charge; a
positive charge set down at the same place is pushed
away. 
OK, I
get what a force field is (although it's a stretch to
think of a force field as a property of empty space).
What is a "line of force"? 
You can
visualize "lines" of force by looking at the forces
created by the field in many different places;
imagine connecting the lines from all the electrons
you have placed. Press "L," and the computer will
show you the pattern formed by all these connected
lines. The lines in this pattern are known as "lines
of force." Force field lines "coming out of" the big
+ charge "go into" the big - charge, so those two
charges are "connected" by field lines.
This is cool. Wiggling one charge causes the
field lines attached to it to wiggle, and after a
time the other charge starts to wiggle! It's just
like a rope connecting two rocks. 
Yes, the
wave here consists of a wiggling line of electric
force which you can think of as being "attached"
to the vibrating charge. Notice that it takes a
certain time for the wave to move from one
particle to the other. Check out what happens to
the shape of the wave as you increase the
frequency by wiggling it up and down faster.
(The wiggling rate changes when you adjust the
tension in the spring.) Does the distance between
peaks (wavelength) decrease or increase?
Yeah,
that all makes sense, but don't expect me to believe
that particles as small as electrons are attached to
springs. How is an electron made to wiggle -- I mean,
how is its speed or direction of motion changed?
That's an excellent question. You're right, there are
no springs -- so how do electrons wiggle? And do they
always produce radiation when they wiggle? There are
two answers, one for "long" wavelength radiation,
like microwaves, radio waves and TV waves, and
another answer for light waves, ultraviolet and
x-rays. In fact, the second answer challenged the
greatest physicists of the early 20th century, and
led to the revolution in physics called quantum
mechanics. Now you have to decide what kind of
waves you want to see created. 
