A New Look At Gravity
© 2002 Jerrold Thacker
JThacker@msn.com
Ever since Newton "discovered" that wonderful force called gravity, the assumption has been universally made that gravity is a constant property of mass. That is, the force of gravity is proportional to the mass of an object. This concept is so ingrained in our upbringing that, to my knowledge, it has never been challenged or doubted!
But what if it were not so!
Numerous experiments over many years have proven that the gravitational potential of ordinary matter is directly related to that matter's mass. A pound of gold has the same gravitational force as a pound of wood. Two bricks have twice the gravitational force of one brick. So what's the problem?
We've only measured gravitational forces for normal matter!
Matter comes in many forms. It would be surprising if all of its characteristics were to be retained in all forms. For example, an ordinary atom is known to consist of a nucleus of neutrons and protons, and a counterbalancing shroud of electrons. Study a large quantity of identical atoms and you define a set of characteristics for that element. If we now study a large quantity of this element which has been altered in some way (one or more electrons stripped away, or extra neutrons or protons added) we find changes to many of its characteristics.
Do we know that the gravitational force of this modified element is equivalent to its mass? No, we don't! Since any gravitational forces we can create in the laboratory are extremely small, conducting meaningful experiments about gravity is almost impossible. So our actual knowledge of the gravitational forces of matter is very lacking. It's easier just to assume the simplest hypothesis -- that gravitational force is directly related to mass.
Gravitational and Inertial Mass
Scientists normally state that gravitational mass and inertial mass are equivalent. That is, MassGravity = Constant * MassInertia. This is a very handy concept, since inertial masses are quite easy to measure, while gravitational masses are not (unless the item can be weighed on a scale). We can't "weigh" the moon or a planet, but by their orbits we can determine their inertial mass, and therefore by inference their gravitational mass.
The trouble with this is that this equivalence has never been proven under all cases (if indeed for any!). And it is suspect. A physical object reacts to other objects by the attractive forces of gravity. But inertial mass is an entirely different phenomenon, and totally unrelated to the idea of "attractive force". There seems to be no reason to equate the two, except for convenience. In the following I will try to clarify this.
Looking inside the atom
We're going to take a little trip inside an atom. Nothing complex, but just enough to illustrate a point.
Let us assume that the gravitational forces affecting an atom or molecule are caused by the impact of tiny particles called gravitons (this is a well-accepted idea). The exact nature of gravitons, or of the reaction within an atom, is unknown, but we know that the net effect is to accelerate the atom slightly in the direction that the graviton came from. (Of course this is greatly simplified!).
We might first ask if it is the nucleus of an atom, or an electron, which experiences the attractive action. Because electrons are very much smaller than the nucleus, we will assume that only the impact of a graviton on the nucleus is significant.
The following illustrates what might happen within a normal atom when the nucleus is hit by a graviton. At first the nucleus starts to move in the direction of the graviton (the attractive force). But the electrostatic forces of the surrounding electron shell force the nucleus back. The nucleus rebounds, and begins to oscillate within the electron shell. Eventually the nucleus will come to rest. Much of the attractive force of gravity has been absorbed by the exchange of forces between the nucleus and electron shell (which undoubtedly causes heat). The entire atom experiences a small but definite force toward the source of the graviton which, if the atom is imbedded in an object, is transferred to the object.
Click on the image below for an illustration of this effect.
A normal atom
Now let us consider an ionized atom. That is, an otherwise normal atom with some of the electrons missing. When the nucleus is struck by a graviton, the effect is similar to a normal atom. However, since there are less electrons to inhibit the motion of the nucleus, its oscillations are more extreme, and in the end the atom reacts more to the gravitational attractive action of the graviton, even though it has less mass than the original atom.
An ionized atom
In our third scenario, we look at an unattached nucleus -- one without surrounding electrons. These "free" nuclei are where there is extreme heat (millions of degrees) such at the center of the sun or a star, during nuclear fusion tests, and as high-energy cosmic rays.
In this case, when a graviton strikes the nucleus, there is no electron shell to inhibit the response of the nucleus. It immediately responds unabated to the graviton. It is Super Gravitational!
A "free" atomic nuclei
The bottom line is what I call the Thacker Nuclear Binding Theory of Gravity. In simple terms, it means that the gravitational force of an object is inversely proportional to binding force on the nucleus. This is illustrated in the following drawing:
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Doesn't this violate some law?
In a word, NO! We've always been taught that gravity is constant, but that doesn't make it so. We know so little about gravity, and have so many unanswered questions in the universe, that we owe it to ourselves to see if this new theory can unlock some of the mysteries of astronomy. As you will soon see, it is amazing how many of these mysteries disappear when considered in this new light.
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